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Figure 1: Two techniques of representing an object. (A) Perspective drawing, suggesting that the object is cubical. (B) Orthographic top and front views, revealing that the object is not cubical. Figure 2: Orthographic projections of a three-dimensional object onto vertical and horizontal planes. (A) Object located in the first of four quadrants defined by intersecting planes. (B) Result of rotating the horizontal plane into coincidence with the vertical plane. (C) The same object located in the third quadrant. (D) Result of rotating the horizontal plane as in (B), showing exchanged positions of top and front views. Figure 3: Selection of points to be projected in preparing orthographic views (see text). Figure 4: Three objects with identical top and front views. (Top row) Pictorial drawings. (Bottom row) Top, front, and side views, showing how the side views resolve the ambiguity. Figure 5: Use of dashed lines to represent edges hidden in views of a complicated object. Figure 6: Descriptive geometry, principle I (see text). Figure 7: Identification of the hidden edge in third-angle projections of a tetrahedron (see text). Figure 8: Descriptive geometry, principle II (see text). Figure 9: Use of auxiliary view to show true size and shape of an inclined surface (ABCD), which is not correctly represented in the front, top, or side view (see text). computer-aided design
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Young boys working in a thread spinning mill in Macon, Georgia, 1909. Boys are so small they have to climb onto the spinning frame to reach and fix broken threads and put back empty bobbins. Child labor. Industrial revolution
The Rise of the Machines: Pros and Cons of the Industrial Revolution
The Colosseum, Rome, Italy. Giant amphitheatre built in Rome under the Flavian emperors. (ancient architecture; architectural ruins)
New Seven Wonders of the World
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Italian Renaissance painter from Florence. Engraving by Cosomo Colombini (d. 1812) after a Leonardo self portrait. Ca. 1500.
10 Famous Artworks by Leonardo da Vinci
A Factory Interior, watercolor, pen and gray ink, graphite, and white goache on wove paper by unknown artist, c. 1871-91; in the Yale Center for British Art. Industrial Revolution England
Inventors and Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
Cathedrale St.Jean in Lyon, France has a 14th-century astronomical clock that shows religious feast days till the year 2019; Perpetual Calendar
Ten Days That Vanished: The Switch to the Gregorian Calendar
Law legal system crime concept with gavel and scales of justice with books in the background. (mallet, judicial system).
What Are the Differences Between First-, Second-, and Third-Degree Murder?
Sydney New Years Eve Fireworks
Why Does the New Year Start on January 1?

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Facts

Also Known As draughting • engineering graphics • engineering drawing

Photos

Figure 1: Two techniques of representing an object. (A) Perspective drawing, suggesting that the object is cubical. (B) Orthographic top and front views, revealing that the object is not cubical.
Figure 2: Orthographic projections of a three-dimensional object onto vertical and horizontal planes. (A) Object located in the first of four quadrants defined by intersecting planes. (B) Result of rotating the horizontal plane into coincidence with the vertical plane. (C) The same object located in the third quadrant. (D) Result of rotating the horizontal plane as in (B), showing exchanged positions of top and front views.
Figure 3: Selection of points to be projected in preparing orthographic views (see text).
Figure 4: Three objects with identical top and front views. (Top row) Pictorial drawings. (Bottom row) Top, front, and side views, showing how the side views resolve the ambiguity.
Figure 5: Use of dashed lines to represent edges hidden in views of a complicated object.
Figure 6: Descriptive geometry, principle I (see text).
Figure 7: Identification of the hidden edge in third-angle projections of a tetrahedron (see text).
Figure 8: Descriptive geometry, principle II (see text).
Figure 9: Use of auxiliary view to show true size and shape of an inclined surface (ABCD), which is not correctly represented in the front, top, or side view (see text).
computer-aided design
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